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cost to build

The monetary cost to hire people and purchase materials to create an ecosystem on a cleared and levelled site.

Used to calculate:construction cost

Varies by: ecosystem

Used ecosystem Reference Location: Ecosystem
(study period)
Value Units Notes
* Agricultural field / vegetable garden Long et al. 2013 Sample costs to grow organic alfalfa CA: Agricultural Field (2013) 473.77 $CA 2013 / acre
* Airfield Florida Department of Transportation 2011 Airport Costs Florida: Airfield (2011) 20 $FL 2011 / ft2 I assumed commercial ashphault runway. I divided the cost by the sqft to get the per foot cost. Price/(100)=
* Airport terminal Florida Department of Transportation 2011 Airport Costs Florida: Airport terminal (2011) 250 $FL 2011 / ft2 I assumed asphalt and commercial pricing.
* Alley BuildingJournal.com 2015 Asphalt Driveway Calculator New York City: Alley (2015) 3.11 $NYC 2015 / ft2 Assumed cost to asphalt a 1,000 sq. ft. alley in NYC, 2015
* Apartment building RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Apartment building (2014) 230.45 $US 2014 / ft2 6 story, 10'-4" story height, 60,000 sq. ft.
* Beach Weidle Corp. 2015 Sand Price List OHIO: Beach (2015) 5 $NYC 2015 / ft2 I assume a beach that is 100ft wide, 100ft long, and 5 ft deep. 50000/27=1852 cubic yards. By the formula from the website 1852 *1.5=2778 tons. I assume we fill with pool sand at 18$ a ton. 2778*$18=$50000. $50000/10000=5 ft2
* Bike lane Bushell et al. 2013 Costs for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Infrastructure Improvements USA: Bike Lane (2013) 10.06 $US 2013 / ft2 Taking the average of the high and low cost per mile (200000+650000)/2. Then taking the aria calculated by W*L=(8 ft)*(5,280 feet)=42240. Then the cost per sqft is calculated by 425000/42240=10.06. It is assumed to be a simple bike lane with no signs or improvements.
* Bioswale Clark et al. 2008 Florida Field Guide to Low Impact Development USA: Bioswale (2004) 0.5 $US 2005 / ft2 4
* Boulevard (arterial) Florida Department of Transportation 2015 Transportation Costs Florida: Boulevard (2015) 12634475 $FL 2014 / mile I assume 6 lanes each that are 12 feet in a urban enviorment.
* Bridge Florida Department of Transportation, 2014, Bridge Costs Florida: Bridge (2014) 152.5 $FL 2014 / ft2 Assume average cost for Concrete Deck/ Steel Girder - Continuous Span of low($135) and high ($170) (from New Construction Table).
* Camp landscaping network 2015 Cost of Lawn and Artificial Turf USA: Camp (2015) 0.75 $US 2015 / ft2
* Cemetery landscaping network 2015 Cost of Lawn and Artificial Turf US: Lawn (2015) 0.75 $US 2015 / ft2 It is assumed that there are no structures on the ground.
* Cistern / rain barrels Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection 2009 Rain Barrels: Rainfall as a Resource Connecticut: Cistern/Rain Barrels (2009) 87.5 $CT 2009 / unit The parameter is an average of the high and low values.
* Cliffs and rock outcrops Rockwerx 2008 Rock Wall FAQ United States: Cliffs and rock outcrops (2008) 36.11 $US 2008 / ft2 According to the reference "the average start-up cost (to create a climbing rock wall) ranges between $400,000 - $600,000. This assumes a climbing wall size of 6,000 to 12,000 square feet. The cost of the climbing wall in this scenario will be approximately 60 to 70 percent of the total start up cost." Value is calculated by assuming a rock wall start up cost of $500,000 for a wall of 9000 sq feet (the averages of the ranges), which gives $500,000/9000 sq ft.=$55.55 per sq. ft. Rock wall cost is assumed to be 65% of 55.55.
* Cogeneration plant Covanta 2015 cogeneration:Albany Medical Center NY: Cogeneration (2011) 1000 $NY 2011 / ft2 To calculate cost I divide the total cost by the square foot of the building =23*10^6/23000=1000
* Compost bin NYC Compost project 2014 Low-Cost Composting Equipment NYC: Compost Bin (2014) 65 $NYC 2014 / compost bin Assumed a GARDEN GOURMET COMPOST BIN
* Computer data center RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Computer data center (2014) 305.1 $US 2014 / ft2 Computer Data Center, 1 story, with 16'-6" story height, 22,500 sq. ft.
* Cottages / Mobile home U.S. Census Bureau 2014 Manufactured Homes Survey United States: Cottages / Mobile home (2013) 38.36 $US 2013 / ft2 Avg. Cost per Sq. Ft. for a single in 2013
* Deep water estuary Evergreen Funding Consultants 2003 estuary:A Primer on Habitat Project Costs USA: Deep water Estuary (2003) 442000 $US 2003 / acre It currently assumed to be the same value as estuary
* Derelict structures RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Warehouse (2014) 108 $US 2014 / ft2 Assume same cost as a warehouse, 1 story, 30,000 sq. ft.
* Diesel power plant EIA 2013 Capital Cost for Electricity Plants Texas: Natural Gas Power Plant (2013) 282.42 $TX 2013 / ft2 I estimated diesel power plants with coal power plants since they have similar capital needs. I assumed that if I were to build a coal power plant that could produce 758 megawatts and is on 200 acres in texas, this is what it would cost per sqft.
* Disturbed Land Homewyse 2015 Cost to Grade Lot Upper West Side: Disturbed land (2015) 4.2 $NYC 2015 / ft2 Assume cost is cost to grade, average of high ($5.98) and low ($2.41) values
* Eelgrass meadow Habitat Restoration The Costs of Environmental Restoration Projects USA: Eelgrass meadow (2001) 45000 $US 2001 / acre The cost represents the construction costs only
* Elevated train San José State 2012 University CASE STUDY REPORT: JOHN F. KENNEDY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AIRTRAIN NYC: Elevated Train (1991) 888.51 $NYC 1991 / mile of elevated train
* Estuary Evergreen Funding Consultants 2003 estuary:A Primer on Habitat Project Costs US: Estuary (2003) 300000 $US 2003 / acre We assumed that construction is in a somewhat developed site and needs moderate earth moving. Then by taking the averages of the price range we get an average price.
* Factory RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Factory (2014) 135.3 $US 2014 / ft2 3 story. 12' story height, 90,000 sq. ft.
* Freshwater marsh Habitat Restoration The Costs of Environmental Restoration Projects USA: Salt Marsh (2001) 16115 $US 2001 / acre
* Fuel storage tank Florida Department of Transportation 2011 Airport Costs Florida: Fuel storage tank (2011) 401.81 $FL 2011 / ft2 I assumed the dimensions of the tank to have a diameter of 39 feet. I then converted it using the formula pi*(39/2)^2=A. I then divided the price by the footprint of the tank to get a per foot cost. The hight is assumed to be 24 inches. then divided by the aria of the tank. 480,000/(pi*(39/2)^2)=401.81
* Garage RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Garage (2014) 64.9 $US 2014 / ft2 5 story, 10' story height, 145,000 sq. ft.
* Gas station RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Gas Station (2014) 227.05 $US 2014 / ft2 Garage, Service Station, 1 story with 12' story height, 1400 sq. ft.
* Geothermal pump Energy Environmental: solar,geothermal, radiant, wind 2008 Installation US: Geothermal pump (2008) 9 $US 2008 / ft2 This is assuming that the building is 2500 ft2. To get the cost I take the average of the high cost (25000) and low cost (20000).
* Graywater recycling Univ. of California 2014 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Onsite Residential Graywater Recycling CALIFORNIA: Graywater recycling (2014) 3.97 $CA 2014 / ft2 I got this by taking the average level of water recycling and the average install cost of the graywater system. Then I related it to the average water usage in the country for 2015. I then got the average square footage of a house inn 2010 assuming that it has remained constant since that time. I then related them to arrive at the cost per square foot.
* Greenhouse / vertical farm University of Kentucky 2011 Greenhouses and Similar Structures an Overview USA: Green house (2011) 19 $US 2011 / ft2 I took the average of the high and low costs in the paper for a conventional green house.
* Green roof EPA 2013 Green Roofs USA: Green Roof (2013) 17.5 $US 2013 / ft2
* Hardwood swamp Michigan State University 2014 Michigan's Natural Communities: Northern Hardwood Swamp Michigan: Hardwood swamp (2014) 6630 $US 2015 / acre I assumed the spacing is 8 by 8 feet which means that there are 680 trees per acre. The cost is derived from the market value of a young green Ash tree. I chose the green ash tree because they are similar in to the trees normally found in the ecosystem.
* Heavy rail line reconnectingamerica 2006 Transit Technologies Worksheet USA: Heavy rail line (2006) 150000000 $US 2006 / mile of railway I took the average of the high and low value estimates per-mile
* Hemlock – northern hardwood forest New York Natural Heritage Program 2015 Hemlock-Northern Hardwood Forest US: Hemlock-northern hardwood forest (2015) 21360.5 $US 2015 / acre I assumed the spacing is 8 by 8 feet which means that there are 680 trees per acre. The cost is a composite of the several tree types that are associated with the ecosystem market value that are between 3 to 6 ft tall. The distribution is considered consistent across the forest so that each tree is represented equally.(1/n)
* High salt marsh Habitat Restoration The Costs of Environmental Restoration Projects USA: Salt Marsh (2001) 16115 $US 2001 / acre I took the value of the salt marsh. Will revisit later with new value.
* Highway Florida Department of Transportation 2015 Transportation Costs Florida: Street (2015) 8242976 $FL 2014 / mile
* Hospital RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Hospital (2014) 340.8 $US 2014 / ft2 Hospital 3 story, 12' story height, 55,000 sq. ft.
* Hotel RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Hotel (2014) 204.7 $US 2014 / ft2 15 story, 10' story height, 450,000 sq. ft.
* Landfill ForesterDailyNews 2015 Landfill Economics Part 2: Getting Down to Business USA: Landfill (2015) 350000 $US 2015 / acre
* Lawn landscaping network 2015 Cost of Lawn and Artificial Turf US: Lawn (2015) 0.75 $US 2015 / ft2
* Light rail line reconnectingamerica 2006 Transit Technologies Worksheet USA: Light rail line (2006) 40000000 $US 2006 / mile of railway I took the average of the high and low value estimates
* Low salt marsh Habitat Restoration The Costs of Environmental Restoration Projects USA: Salt Marsh (2001) 16115 $US 2001 / acre I took the value of the salt marsh. Will revisit later with new higher value.
* Meadow Stillwater Sciences 2012 An Economic Analysis of Sierra Meadow Restoration Nevada: Meadow (2012) 2777.777778 $NV 2012 / acre
* Mixed use: office / residential building RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Mixed use: office / residential building (2014) 202.95 $US 2014 / ft2 Assume average of 16 story office costs (175.45) and 15 story apartment costs (230.45)
* Mixed use: restaurant / office building RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Mixed use: restaurant / office building (2014) 192.2125 $US 2014 / ft2 Assume 3 story building, 20,000 sq. ft., with 5,000 square foot restaurant. Square foot cost of 192.2125 =.25*(219.85)+.75*(183), where 219.85 is restaurant cost, and 183 is office cost.
* Mixed use: restaurant / residential building RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Mixed use: restaurant / retail building (2014) 230.45 $US 2014 / ft2 Assume a 15 story apartment building, 10'-6'' story height, 145,000 sq ft. Assume costs are same with restaurant on ground floor.
* Mixed use: restaurant / retail building RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Mixed use: restaurant / retail building (2014) 148.5605 $US 2014 / ft2 Assume 3 story department story building, 95,000 sq. ft., with 5,000 square foot restaurant. Square foot cost of =(5/95)*(219.85)+(90/95)*(144.6), where 219.85 is restaurant cost, and 144.6 is department store cost.
* Mixed use: retail / office building RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Mixed use: retail / office building (2014) 183 $US 2014 / ft2 3 story office, 12' story height, 20,000 sq. ft.
* Mixed use: retail / residential building RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Mixed use: retail / residential building (2014) 230.45 $US 2014 / ft2 Assume 15 story apartment with 10'-f""story height, 145,000 square feet. Assume retail part costs same as residential part.
* Natural gas power plant EIA 2013 Capital Cost for Electricity Plants Texas: Natural Gas Power Plant (2013) 84.4 $TX 2013 / ft2 I took the square foot dimensions and power production of a natural power plant. Then I used the overnight capital cost per kilowatt to estimate what a plant of equivalent power production and dimensions would cost in 2013 dollars. I then took that cost and divided it by the facility dimensions to get the square foot cost.
* Oak hickory forest Michigan State University 2013 oak hickory forest types Michigan: oak- hickory forest types (2013) 102838.67 $US 2015 / acre I assumed the spacing is 8 by 8 feet which means that there are 680 trees per acre. The cost is a composite of the several tree types that are associated with the ecosystem market value that are between to 6 to 10 ft tall. The distribution is considered consistent across the forest so that each tree is represented equally.(1/n)
* Office building RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Office building (2014) 183 $US 2014 / ft2 3 story, 12' story height, 20,000 sq. ft.
* Orchard Caprile et al. 2001 Sample Costs to Establish an Apple Orchard CA: Orchard (2001) 0.098324 $CA 2001 / ft2 From assumed cost per acre converted to cost per sqft.
* Ornamental garden Texas A & M 2012 Stormwater Management: Rain Gardens Texas: Garden (2012) 6 $TX 2012 / ft2
* Parking lot BuildingJournal.com 2015 Asphalt Driveway Calculator New York City: Parking lot (2015) 3.11 $NYC 2015 / ft2 Cost per square foot to lay down 10,000 foot lot with asphalt in NYC 2015
* Park savanna landscaping network 2015 Cost of Lawn and Artificial Turf US: Lawn (2015) 0.75 $US 2015 / ft2 Took the average of the cost to install a Hydroseed lawn. (.50+1)/2=.75
* Paved ball field/court RPI Consulting inc. 2003 STATE OF COLORADO Small Community Park & Recreation Planning Standards COLORADO: Park (2003) 5.68 $CA 2003 / ft2 I took the average cost of a basketball court and divided by the facility size required. =37500/(6600)
* Pedestrian bridge Florida Department of Transportation, 2014, Bridge Costs Florida: Pedestrian bridge (2014) 137.5 $FL 2014 / ft2 Short span bridge, reinforced concrete flat slab simple span. Average of low ($115) and high ($160) costs.
* Pedestrian street / plaza LOTT Clean Water Alliance 2012 East Bay Public Plaza Washington: Plaza (2011) 5066666.667 $WA 2012 / acre
* Permeable pavers University of Maryland 2016 Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet USA: Permeable pavers (2014) 7.33 $US 2010 / ft2 Took the average price of a Porous Concrete paver from the 2nd to last table. This is drawn from the epa website. (71.21+60.75)/(9*2)=7.33 In 2009 values
* Photovoltaic panels NREL 2013 Distributed Generation Renewable Energy Estimate of Costs USA: Photovoltaic Panels (2013) 7.794 $US 2013 / ft2 I used the cost for <10 kilowatt, then I found the ft2 necessary to produce a 10 kilowatt and got the per ft2 cost. Assuming maximum out put capacity. Assuming 20-watts per sqft of solar panal 10kil=10000 watts, 10000/20=500 ft. Cost to install: 3,897 sqft: 500 cost per sqft= 3,897/500=7.79 site used for Wats per sqft: http://www.lightsonsolar.com/solar-basics-kw-and-kwh/
* Pier Moffatt & Nichol 2010 Pier Advisory Report Florida: Pier (2010) 210 $FL 2010 / ft2 Table on page 6, Pier Replacement - Open Pier (50-year design life).
* Pond EPA 2014 Pond cost USA: Pond (2014) 23200 $US 1997 / acre I assumed the cost to build a 10 Acre facility using the examples given on the EPA website. $232,000 for a 10 acre-foot facility.
* Public assembly hall RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Public assembly hall (2014) 184.9 $US 2014 / ft2 Auditorium, 1 story, 24' story height, 24,000 sq. ft.
Puddles on hardtops NULL REFERENCE NULL REFERENCE LOCATON: NULL ECOSYSTEM (NULL STUDY PERIOD) None DUMMY UNIT
* Restaurant RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Restaurant (2014) 219.85 $US 2014 / ft2 1 story, 12' story height, 5,000 sq. ft.
* Retail building RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Retail building (2014) 144.6 $US 2014 / ft2 department store, 3 story, 16' story height, 95,000 sq. ft.
* School or university RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: School or university (2014) 189.6 $US 2014 / ft2 College Class Room, 2 story, 12' story height, 50,000 sq. ft.
* Sewage treatment plant McGood Williams & Yates 2008 Wastewater treatment Arkansas: Waste Treatment Plant (2008) 1452380.95 $AK 2008 / acre
* Shrub land department of energy and environmental protection 2014 Connecticuts Young Forest and Shrubland Initiative Connecticut: Shrub land (2015) 1010.93 $US 2015 / acre I used the first grant on the table cost and acre get the cost per acre estimate.
* Sidewalk Vermont Agency of Transportation 2010 Report on Shared and Sidewalk Unit Costs VT: Sidewalk (2010) 59 $VT 2010 / ft2 It is assumed that it is a Bituminous sidewalk with a concrete curb that is 5 feet wide. This is only the cost to buy the ingredients and build the side walk.
* Single family home RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Single family home (2014) 127.35 $US 2014 / ft2 Average 2 story house of solid masonry, 2000 sq feet with unfinished basement. Note cost is per square foot of living space.
* Solar energy facility CleanEnergy Action Project 2012 Solar PV| Photovoltaic Solar Power Case Studies California: Solar Energy Facility (2013) 340426 $CA 2013 / acre I took the California Valley Solar Ranch case study and got the Acre cost.
* Solar heating panels NREL 2013 Distributed Generation Renewable Energy Estimate of Costs USA: Solar Heating Panels (2013) 141 $US 2013 / ft2
* Solid waste transfer plant Oklahoma State University 2015 Solid Waste Transfer Stations for Rural Oklahoma Oklahoma: Solid Waste Transfer Plant ( 2015) 42039.33 $OK 2015 / acre This is assuming that they are on a 3 acre facility and includes the cost of building the facility. I used the cost to construct the facility and Included in this is the cost to furnish the building. We ignored the land cost.
* Stadium University of Nevada 2014 Review of Stadium Tours, Estimated Building Costs Texas: Stadium (2014) 471.92 $TX 2014 / ft2 I used the McLane stadium and divided the cost by the footprint of the building.
* Stream Estimation and Analysis of Expenses of Design-Bid-Build Projects for Stream Mitigation in North Carolina North Carolina: Stream (2008) 246 $NC 2008 / lf
* Streetcar line reconnectingamerica 2006 Transit Technologies Worksheet US: Streetcar line (2006) 17500000 $US 2006 / mile of railway
* Street (collector) Florida Department of Transportation 2015 Transportation Costs Florida: Street (2015) 5069743 $FL 2014 / mile
* Street trees NYC Parks Dept. 2015 Tree Fund New York City: Street trees (2015) 0.38 $NYC 2015 / ft2 As per above reference, each street tree costs $1650 to install. Assume 10 street trees per acre, for a total cost of $16500 per acre, or 0.38 per square foot.
* Subway CNN Money 2012 Short subway line, $4.5 billion price tag NYC: Subway (2012) 3000000000 $NYC 2012 / mile of subway I used the figures in the article to create a per mile cost of constructing the subway: 4.5 billion/ 1.5 mile
* Swimming pool USA Swimming 2010 25 yard compared to 50 meter United States: Swimming pool (2010) 180 $US 2010 / ft2 From the reference, "The cost to build a pool will be around $180 a square foot." This is for a large, public pool used for swimming races.
* Tidal energy facility FERC 2012 ISSUING PILOT PROJECT LICENSE NYC: Tidal energy facility (2012) 1428571.43 $NYC 2012 / acre I took the cost and divided it by the number of acres for the project.
* Traffic slowed street Robert Peccia & Associates 2007 GREATER BOZEMAN AREA TRANSPORTATION PLAN Montana: Traffic Slowed Street (2007) 15.625 $MT 2007 / ft2 Taking the average width of a highway lane (12 feet) and multiplying it by the average length of a speed bump (12 feet) to get the square foot aria of the speed hump. Then taking the aria of a W*H=(12 ft*2)*12ft speed hump we arrived at the cost per square feet by dividing the average cost(8000+1000)/2=4500. THis gives 4500/288=15.625
* Trail Chester County Board of Commissioners 2007 Trail & Path Planning: A Guide for Municipalities Pennsylvania: Trail (2005) 1.33 $PA 2005 / ft2 Took the average of the ranges for a Cinder trail, pg 101. Then divided it to get the per square foot cost. This assumes that the trail is six feet wide.
* Tunnel MTA 2014 East Side Access New York City: Tunnel (2014) 925272727.3 $NYC 2014 / mile of tunnel From source, East Side Access tunnel will be about 11 miles and is estimated to cost in 2014 to be $10.178 billion, which gives $925.27 million per mile.
* Utility yard BuildingJournal.com 2015 Asphalt Driveway Calculator New York City: Utility yard (2015) 3.11 $NYC 2015 / ft2 Assume cost to asphalt a 10,000 square foot lot, NYC 2015
* Warehouse RSMeans 2013 Square Foot Costs United States: Warehouse (2014) 108 $US 2014 / ft2 1 story, 24' story height, 30,000 sq. ft.
* Waste energy power plant EIA 2013 Capital Cost for Electricity Plants Oklahoma: Waste Energy Power Plant (2013) 6347345.46 $OK 2013 / acre
* Water treatment plant McGood Williams & Yates 2008 Wastewater treatment Arkansas: Waste Treatment Plant (2008) 1452380.95 $AK 2008 / acre I based the cost on the plant in Fayetteville, Arkansas. I took the total acres minus the acres used for wetland mitigation to come up with the land used by the facility. I then divided the cost of construction by the number of acres used by the facility to get the cost per-acre for just the facility. 61000000/(70-28)=1452380.95
* Water/wastewater storage tank State of Michigan 2003 tanks State of Michigan: Water/wastewater storage tank (2003) 72.04 $MI 2003 / ft2 I assumed the hight of 20 feet and diameter of 26 feet. used the formula P/((D/2)^2*pi)= price per-foot
* Wind farm SFGATE 2006 New windmills near delta fuel state's global warming fight CALIFORNIA: wind farm (2011) 0.74 $CA 2011 / ft2 Cost: 220 Mil Acres: 6800 to sqft: 6800*43560=296208000 Cost per SQft=220 mil/296208000 =(220*10^6)/(6800*43560)=0.74

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