The term "ecosystem" is used broadly in this case: it includes buildings, streets, sidewalks, utility yards, parks, agriculture, and green roofs, as well as forests, wetlands, beaches, and estuary waters. Ecosystems are mapped on a 100 m2 grid (10 m cells), which provides 40 – 60 grid cells for most blocks in Manhattan. Historic ecosystems are mapped for the pre-European island based on the Mannahatta Project data (Sanderson 2009) and for the current city from the Map-PLUTO database (Department of City Planning, 2012) on the same grid.